# I ran units_cur to get current rates: !include .units.currency π pi # Note that theta is the angle from the central axis of the cone to its side # (not the apex angle of the cone, which is twice as big) # # The domain and range limits here are approximate. conesolidangle(theta) units=[radian;sr] domain=[0,3.1416] range=[0,12.567] \ 2 pi (1 - cos(theta)) sr ; \ acos(1 - conesolidangle/sr/2/pi) # Incandescence intensity (radiant exitance). glow(T) units=[K;W/m^2] stefanboltzmann T**4 ; (glow/stefanboltzmann)**(1/4) # Musical tuning. cf. A440 440 Hz middleC A440 semitone^-9 tenorC middleC octave sopranoC middleC octave^2 highC sopranoC deepC middleC octave^-2 pedalC middleC octave^-3 # These are a quick hack to get some kind of reasonable autoranging # for electronic units. Note that I redefine time. !unitlist cap F;μF;nF;pF !unitlist res GΩ;MΩ;kΩ;Ω !unitlist ind H;mH;μH;nH;pH !unitlist len lightyear;au;km;m;mm;μm;nm !unitlist time year;day;hr;min;sec;ms;μs;ns;ps;fs # And this is a hack for angle output which doesn't quite work: !unitlist dms °;';"#"'@#&!^ # Common battery capacity unit, e.g., 2200 mAh Ah amp hour # Common concentrations in chemistry molar mol/ℓ molal mol/kg # CPU performance. insn ! instruction insn ips insn/second mips million ips # not sure why "Mips" doesn't work? # Floating-point performance is not commensurable with instructions per second; # the ratio between them varies over more than an order of magnitude. So if # something has three teraflops of performance, how many MIPS is that? I don't # know, it depends. multiply ! flops multiply/second # Lines of code are sort of like instructions, and in some contexts it makes # sense to estimate instructions by some conversion factor from lines of code. loc ! sloc loc kloc 1000 loc # Physical properties of common materials. # Water is already fairly well covered, but its standard enthalpy of # formation is: enthalpy_f_water -285.83 kJ/mol # melting_silica tempC(1713) boiling_silica tempC(2950) silicadensity 2.648 g/cc # α-quartz solubility_silica 2e-4 molar * (silicon + 2 oxygen) g / mol enthalpy_f_silica -911 kJ/mol # melting_aluminum 933.47 K boiling_aluminum 2743 K aluminumdensity 2.70 g/cc # Aluminum is unstable as a solute in water; it reduces water. # melting_iron 1811 K boiling_iron 3134 K irondensity 7.874 g/cc # Similarly, iron is unstable as a solute in water. # melting_ammonia tempC(-77.73) boiling_ammonia tempC(-33.34) ammoniadensity 0.769 kg/m^3 # as a gas at STP solubility_ammonia 31g/100mℓ # at 25° enthalpy_f_ammonia -46 kJ/mol # melting_co_2 194.6855 K # actually sublimation boiling_co_2 melting_co_2 sublimation_co_2 melting_co_2 co_2_density_solid 1562 kg/m^3 # at sublimation temperature co_2_density_gas 1.922 kg/m^3 # at 0° solubility_co_2 1.45 g/ℓ # 25°, 100 kPa enthalpy_f_co_2 -393.5 kJ/mol # melting_nitrogen 63.23 K boiling_nitrogen 77.355 K nitrogendensity 1.2506 g/L # gas, 0° and 1013 mbar # solubility_nitrogen? melting_oxygen 54.36 K boiling_oxygen 90.188 K oxygendensity_gas 1.429 g/ℓ oxygendensity_liquid 1.141 g/cm^3 # at boiling point solubility_oxygen 7.6 mg/ℓ # at 20°; twice as much at 0° melting_silicon 1687 K boiling_silicon 3538 K silicondensity 2.329 g/cc # Similar to aluminum and iron, Si is unstable as a solute in water. melting_ferric_chloride tempC(307.6) boiling_ferric_chloride tempC(316) ferric_chloride_density 2.90 g/cc solubility_ferric_chloride 912 g/ℓ # ΔfH? # melting_sulfuric_acid tempC(10.31) boiling_sulfuric_acid tempC(337) sulfuric_acid_density 1.8302 g/cc enthalpy_f_sulfuric_acid -814 kJ/mol # Sulfuric acid is fully miscible with water. # # melting_muscovite? muscovitedensity half (2.76 + 3) # average of given range # melting_copper 1357.77 K boiling_copper 2835 K # copperdensity already in the DB. # Solubility inapplicable due to instability. # melting_lead 600.61 K boiling_lead 2022 K leaddensity 11.34 g/cc # melting_lead_chloride tempC(501) boiling_lead_chloride tempC(950) lead_chloride_density 5.85 g/cc enthalpy_f_lead_chloride -359.41 kJ/mol solubility_lead_chloride 0.99 g/100 ml # 20° # melting_phosphoric_acid tempC(42.35) # when anhydrous, but it's deliquescent # boiling_phosphoric_acid is somewhere around 950° but it's kind of # vague; it just polymerizes more and more until the phosphorus starts # to escape! phosphoric_acid_density 1.6845 g/cc # 25°, 85% aqueous solution enthalpy_f_phosphoric_acid -1271.7 kJ/mol specificheat_phosphoric_acid 145.0 J/mol/K * (hydrogen 3 + phosphorus + oxygen 4) g/mol # melting_aluminum_phosphate tempC(1800) # boiling_aluminum_phosphate unknown aluminum_phosphate_density 2.566 g/cc aluminum_phosphate_solubility 1.89e-9 g/100ml # melting_alumina tempC(2072) boiling_alumina tempC(2977) aluminadensity 3.987 g/cc enthalpy_f_alumina -1675.7 kJ/mol # Solubility is basically zero. # melting_zirconia tempC(2715) boiling_zirconia tempC(4300) zirconiadensity 5.68 g/cc enthalpy_f_zirconia -1080 kJ/mol # Solubility is basically zero. # melting_sodium_hydroxide tempC(323) boiling_sodium_hydroxide tempC(1388) sodium_hydroxide_density 2.13 g/cc enthalpy_f_sodium_hydroxide -425.8 kJ/mol solubility_sodium_hydroxide 1000 g/l # graphitedensity 2.267 g/cc diamonddensity 3.515 g/cc sublimation_carbon 3915 K sublimation_graphite sublimation_carbon sublimation_diamond sublimation_carbon # Insoluble. # melting_sucrose tempC(186) # controversial sucrosedensity 1.587 g/cc # solid; 200g/uscup is granular solubility_sucrose 200 g/deciliter # but note supercooling enthalpy_f_sucrose -2226.1 kJ/mol # melting_gypsum tempC(1460) # offgasses water & vitriol first solubility_gypsum .26 g/100ml # of the dihydrate gypsumdensity_anhydrous 2.96 g/cc gypsumdensity_dihydrate 2.32 g/cc enthalpy_f_gypsum -1433 kJ/mol # See melting_sn_63_pb_37 tempC(183) # traditional tin-lead solder melting_sn_955_ag_39_cu_06 tempC(217) # "Recommended by the US NEMI consortium # for reflow soldering. Used as balls # for BGA/CSP and CBGA components" melting_sn_965_ag_35 tempC(221) # Another widely-used lead-free solder # Candidate materials from # include A36 mild # steel, 304 stainless, C36000 free-cutting brass, tough pitch copper, # zamak, hdpe, polylactide, PET, 6,6 nylon, unfilled epoxy, FR4, # silicone, latex rubber, Buna-N nitrile rubber, MDF, granite, # sandstone, soda-lime glass, borosilicate, Mycalex, and porcelain. # Candidate properties include Young's modulus, tensile strength, heat # of fusion, thermal coefficient of expansion, Poisson's ratio, # resistivity, and molar mass. But that's 21 materials (on top of the # 27 above) and 7 properties (on top of the 5 above); adding all of # them would mean adding another 441 values. Some scraping scripts # would probably be worthwhile. # I wish I could get rid of rad, e, and h, because I often mean # radian, exp(1), and hour rather than centigray, electron charge, and # Planck's constant, but I don't think there's a way to do that in # .units.